Protection of sunflower seed and sunflower meal protein with malic acid and heat: effects on in vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production
Jorge Leonardo Vanegas, Maria Dolores Carro, Maria Remedios Alvir and Javier González BACKGROUND: Combined malic acid–heat treatments of protein supplements have been shown to reduce ruminal protein degradation, but there is no information on their possible influence on ruminal fermentation and methane emissions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the treatment of sunflowermeal (SM) and sunflower seed (SS) with malic acid and subsequent drying at 150∘C for 1 (MAL1) or 3 h (MAL3) on in vitro rumen fermentation and methane emission using ruminal fluid fromsheep as inoculum. RESULTS: Compared with untreated samples, the MAL3 treatment reduced (P < 0.05) the dry matter effective degradability (DMED) by 78% and 46% for SS and SM, respectively, indicating heat damage. The MAL1 treatment reduced the DMED of SS by 22%, but did not affect (P > 0.05) total volatile fatty acid production for any feed. This treatment also increased (P < 0.05) the propionate proportion (by 17.7% and 15.
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